Informe semanal de vigilancia de la influenza en los EE. UU.: actualizaciones clave para la semana 49 que finalizó el 7 de diciembre del 2024

Resumen

Virus

Enfermedad

Todos los datos son preliminares y pueden variar a medida que se reciban más informes.

Las flechas direccionales indican los cambios entre la semana actual y la semana previa. Hay información adicional sobre las flechas en la parte inferior de esta página.

A description of the CDC influenza surveillance system, including methodology and detailed descriptions of each data component is available on the surveillance methods page.¹

Hay más información sobre la temporada de influenza actual y la temporada anterior para cada componente de vigilancia disponible en  FluView Interactive.

U.S. virologic surveillance

Nationally and in HHS regions 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10, the percentage of respiratory specimens testing positive for influenza virus in clinical laboratories increased (change of ≥0.5 percentage points) compared to the previous week. In HHS regions 4 and 9, the percentage of specimens testing positive have been increasing over the past several weeks but were stable (change of <0.5 percentage points) this week compared to the previous. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), and B(Vic) viruses are co-circulating. Para obtener datos a nivel estatal y regional y la distribución de grupos de edad, visite FluView Interactive. Los virus que se sabe que están asociados a la vacunación reciente con la vacuna de virus vivo atenuado (LAIV) o hallados después de pruebas más exhaustivas como virus de vacunas no están incluidos, o no son virus de la influenza en circulación.

Laboratorios clínicos

A continuación se resumen los resultados de las pruebas realizadas por los laboratorios clínicos a nivel nacional. Los datos de laboratorios clínicos (el porcentaje de muestras positivas para virus de la influenza) se utilizan para monitorear si la actividad de la influenza está aumentando o disminuyendo.

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Laboratorios de Salud Pública

A continuación se resumen los resultados de las pruebas realizadas por laboratorios de salud pública a nivel nacional. Los datos de los laboratorios de salud pública se utilizan para monitorear la proporción de virus de influenza en circulación que pertenecen a cada subtipo/linaje de influenza.

_{*This data reflects specimens tested and the number determined to be positive for influenza viruses at the public health labs (specimens tested is not the same as cases). No refleja muestras analizadas únicamente en los CDC y podría incluir más de una muestra analizada por persona. Las guías para las pruebas de influenza A/H5 recomiendan tomar hisopados respiratorios y conjuntivales a las personas con conjuntivitis, lo que generó más muestras que dieron positivo para influenza A/H5 que la cantidad de casos de H5 en humanos. For more information on the number of people infected with A/H5, please visit the "¿Cómo los CDC están monitoreando los datos de la influenza entre las personas para comprender mejor la situación actual de la influenza aviar A (H5N1)?"}

_{^†When an influenza virus that normally circulates in swine (but not people) is detected in a person, it is called a "variant" influenza virus. La mayoría de las infecciones en seres humanos por variantes del virus de la influenza ocurren después de una exposición a cerdos, pero puede haber contagio entre personas. It is important to note that in most cases, variant influenza viruses have not shown the ability to spread easily and sustainably from human-to-human.}

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Nuevo virus de influenza A

Two probable cases of influenza A(H5) virus infection were reported to CDC this week by the Arizona Department of Health Services. Hasta la fecha, no se ha identificado transmisión entre personas del virus de la influenza A(H5) en Estados Unidos.

These cases occurred among two adult workers, ≥ 18 years of age, performing depopulation activities at a commercial poultry facility where highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus had been detected. While being monitored by local public health, these patients developed illness during the weeks ending November 23 and November 30, respectively. Both patients reported respiratory symptoms. One patient also reported conjunctivitis.

Specimens were collected from the patients and initially tested positive with high CT values at public health laboratories using the CDC influenza A(H5) assay. The specimens were negative for influenza A(H5) virus using diagnostic RT-PCR at CDC. These two probable cases are the first reported human influenza A(H5) cases reported in Arizona.

No additional notification to WHO of these probable cases is required per International Health Regulations (IHR). More information regarding IHR can be found at http://www.who.int/topics/international_health_regulations/en/.

The CSTE position statement, which includes updated case definitions for confirmed, probable, and suspected cases is available at http://www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/position_statements_files_2023/24-ID-09_Novel_Influenza_A.pdf

An up-to-date human case summary during the 2024 outbreak by state and exposure source is available at www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/index.html

Information about avian influenza is available at https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/index.htm.

Interim recommendations for Prevention, Monitoring, and Public Health Investigations are available at https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/prevention/hpai-interim-recommendations.html.

The latest case reports on avian influenza outbreaks in wild birds, commercial poultry, backyard or hobbyist flocks, and mammals in the United States are available from the USDA at https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/avian/avian-influenza/2022-hpai.

Caracterización de virus de la influenza 

CDC performs genetic y antigenic characterization of U.S. viruses submitted from state and local public health laboratories according to the Right Size Roadmap submission guía. These data are used to compare how similar the currently circulating influenza viruses are relative to the reference viruses representing the current influenza vaccines. Los datos también se utilizan para monitorear los cambios en la evolución que se producen constantemente en los virus de la influenza que circulan en seres humanos. CDC also tests susceptibility of circulating influenza viruses to antiviral medications including the neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, zanamivir, and peramivir) and the polymerase acidic protein (PA) endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir. The HA clade and subclades were assigned using Nextclade (https://clades.nextstrain.org).

CDC has genetically characterized 234 influenza viruses collected since September 29, 2024

CDC antigenically characterizes influenza viruses by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay (H1N1pdm09, H3N2, and B/Victoria viruses) or neutralization-based HINT (virus H3N2) usando antisuero producido por hurones infectados por los virus de referencia que representaban los virus de referencia de las vacunas de cultivo celular o recombinantes recomendados para el hemisferio norte en el 2024-2025. Las diferencias antigénicas en los virus se determinan al comparar la capacidad de los anticuerpos generados contra los virus de referencia de la vacuna de reconocer los virus en circulación generados en cultivo celular. Los antisueros de hurones son útiles porque los anticuerpos que se generan contra un virus en particular por lo general pueden reconocer pequeños cambios en las proteínas de la superficie de otros virus. En pruebas de HI, los virus con propiedades antigénicas similares tienen diferencias en la titulación de anticuerpos de menos o igual a 4 veces con respecto al virus de referencia (candidato para la vacuna). Con la HINT, los virus con propiedades antigénicas similares tienen diferencias de titulación de neutralización de anticuerpos menor o igual a 8 veces. Viruses selected for antigenic characterization are a subset of the recent genetically characterized viruses and are chosen based on the genetic changes in their surface proteins and may not be proportional to the number of such viruses circulating in the United States.

Virus de la influenza A

• A (H1N1)pdm09: 14 A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were antigenically characterized by HI, and all were well-recognized (reacting at titers that were within 4-fold of the homologous virus titer) by ferret antisera to cell-grown A/Wisconsin/67/2022-like reference viruses representing the A(H1N1)pdm09 component for the cell- and recombinant-based influenza vaccines.
• A (H3N2): 15 A(H3N2) viruses were antigenically characterized by HI or HINT, and 6 (40 %) were well-recognized (reacting at titers that were within 4-fold of the homologous virus titer in HI or reacting at titers that were less than or equal to 8-fold of the homologous virus in HINT) by ferret antisera to cell-grown A/Massachusetts/18/2022-like reference viruses representing the A(H3N2) component for the cell- and recombinant-based influenza vaccines

Virus de la influenza B

• B/Victoria: No influenza B/Victoria-lineage virus were antigenically characterized by HI yet.

• B/Yamagata: No influenza B/Yamagata-lineage viruses were available for antigenic characterization.

Evaluación de la susceptibilidad del virus a los medicamentos antivirales

Los CDC evalúan la susceptibilidad de los virus de la influenza a los medicamentos antivirales, incluidos los inhibidores de la neuraminidasa (oseltamivir, zanamivir y peramivir) y el inhibidor de la endonucleasa de la subunidad PA (baloxavir), mediante el análisis de secuencias de última generación que se complementa con ensayos de laboratorio. Puede encontrar información sobre los métodos de análisis de susceptibilidad a los antivirales en U.S. Influenza Surveillance: Purpose and Methods | CDC.

Viruses collected in the U.S. since September 29, 2024, were tested for antiviral susceptibility as follows:

One A(H1N1)pdm09 virus had NA-I223V and NA-S247N amino acid substitutions and showed reduced inhibition by oseltamivir.

Altos niveles de resistencia a los adamantanos (amantadina y rimantadina) persisten entre los virus de influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 e influenza A (H3N2) (los adamantanos no son efectivos contra los virus de influenza B). Por consiguiente, no se recomienda el uso de estos antivirales para el tratamiento y la prevención de las infecciones por el virus de la influenza A y no se presentan datos de análisis de resistencia a la adamantina.

Outpatient and Emergency Department Illness Surveillance

Outpatient respiratory illness visits

The U.S. Outpatient Influenza-like Illness Surveillance Network (ILINet) monitors outpatient visits for respiratory illness referred to as influenza-like illness [ILI (fever plus cough or sore throat)], not laboratory-confirmed influenza, and will therefore capture respiratory illness visits due to infection with any pathogen that can present with similar symptoms, including influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2, and RSV. It is important to evaluate syndromic surveillance data, including that from ILINet, in the context of other sources of surveillance data to obtain a complete and accurate picture of influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and other respiratory virus activity.

Nationally, during Week 49, 3,4 % of patient visits reported through ILINet were due to respiratory illness that included fever plus a cough or sore throat, also referred to as ILI. This week's percentage increased (change of > 0.1 percentage points) compared to Week 48 and is above the national baseline of 3 % for the second consecutive week. The percentage of visits for ILI increased (change of > 0.1 percentage points) in HHS regions 2, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Regions 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 have remained stable (change of ≤0.1 percentage points) compared to Week 48 but have been increasing over the past several weeks. HHS regions 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, and 10 are above their respective baselines and regions 5 and 6 are at their respective baselines. Multiple respiratory viruses are co-circulating, and the relative contribution of influenza virus infections to ILI varies by location.

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Outpatient respiratory illness visits by age group

Aproximadamente un 70 % de los participantes de ILINet informan tanto la cantidad de pacientes que consultaron por enfermedades respiratorias como la cantidad total de pacientes de una semana, clasificadas por grupo de edad. Based on these data, the percentage of visits for respiratory illness increased (change of > 0.1 percentage point) in the 25-49 years, 50-64 years, and 65+ years age groups and decreased slightly (change of > 0.1 percentage point) in the 0-4 years and 5-24 years age groups in Week 49 compared to Week 48.

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Outpatient respiratory illness activity map

Los datos recopilados en ILINet se usan para medir la actividad de ILI* por estado/jurisdicción y áreas estadísticas básicas (CBSA).

National Syndromic Surveillance System (NSSP)

The overall percentage of emergency department (ED) visits with a discharge diagnosis of influenza reported in NSSP was 1 % during Week 49. This percentage has remained stable from the previous week. In HHS regions 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, and 10 the percentage of ED visits increased (change of > 0.1 percentage points) in Week 49 compared to the previous week. In regions 1, 4, 6, and 7, the percentage of ED visits for influenza remained stable (change of ≤ 0.1 percentage point) compared to the previous week but have been increasing slowly over the past several weeks. The percentage of visits for influenza increased (change of > 0.1 percentage points) among the 0-4 years, 18-64 years, and 65+ years age groups and remained stable (change of ≤ 0.1 percentage points) among the 5-17 years age group.

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Vigilancia de hospitalización

FluSurv-Net

La Red de Vigilancia de Hospitalizaciones por Influenza (FluSurv-NET) lleva adelante tareas de vigilancia basadas en la población para detectar hospitalizaciones relacionadas con la influenza, y confirmadas por laboratorio, en determinados condados en 14 estados y representa aproximadamente el 9 % de la población estadounidense. Los datos de hospitalizaciones en FluSurv-NET son preliminares. A medida que se reciben datos todas las semanas, se actualizan las cantidades y tasas de casos anteriores.

Entre el 1 de octubre del 2024 y el 7 de diciembre del 2024, los sitios de FluSurv-NET notificaron un total de 962 casos de hospitalizaciones por influenza confirmada en laboratorio. La tasa de hospitalizaciones observada en la semana 49 fue de 0.9 por cada 100 000 habitantes. The cumulative hospitalization rate observed in Week 49 was 3.1 per 100 000 population.

Al examinar las tasas por edad, la tasa acumulada de hospitalizaciones más alta por cada 100 000 habitantes se registró en adultos de 65 años de edad o más (9.9), seguidos de adultos de 50 a 64 años (3.2) y niños de 0 a 4 años de edad (2.6).

When examining age-adjusted rates by race and ethnicity, the highest cumulative hospitalization rate per 100 000 population was among non-Hispanic Black persons (4.3) followed by Hispanic persons (2.9), non-Hispanic White persons (2.5), American Indian/Alaska Native persons (2.4), and Asian/Pacific Islander persons (2.3).

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National healthcare safety network (NHSN) hospitalization surveillance

Effective November 1, 2024, all acute care and critical access hospitals are required to report the number of patients admitted with laboratory-confirmed influenza to NHSN. These data will be updated weekly in FluView and on FluView Interactive once sufficient data has been collected. Public datasets, including data reported on a voluntary basis prior to November 1, 2024 can be found here: https://data.cdc.gov/Public-Health-Surveillance/Weekly-United-States-Hospitalization-Metrics-by-Ju/aemt-mg7g/about_data.

Vigilancia de mortalidad

Vigilancia de mortalidad del Centro Nacional de Estadísticas de Salud (NCHS, en inglés)

Based on NCHS mortality surveillance data available on December 12, 2024, 0,1 % of the deaths that occurred during the week ending December 7, 2024 (Week 49), were due to influenza. This percentage remained stable (≤ 0.1 percentage point change) compared to Week 48. Los datos presentados son preliminares y pueden cambiar a medida que se reciba y se procese más información.

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Mortalidad infantil asociada a la influenza

No influenza-associated pediatric deaths were reported to CDC during Week 49.

En total, se reportaron a los CDC dos muertes pediátricas asociadas a la influenza que ocurrieron durante la temporada 2024-2025.

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Información de vigilancia adicional sobre la influenza a nivel nacional e internacional